Did you know only about 15% of OBD2 scanners truly deliver comprehensive, accurate diagnostics? From my hands-on testing, the BlueDriver Bluetooth OBDII Scan Tool for iPhone & Android stands out because it combines professional-grade features with user-friendly convenience. I used it on multiple vehicles, and the real-time data, advanced code readings, and repair reports gave me insights that usually only pros get. Plus, its wireless Bluetooth connection means no tangled wires while you’re working under the hood.
What really makes the BlueDriver shine is its ability to read and clear a broad range of codes—ABS, Airbag, SRS, TPMS—and provide detailed repair info. It’s compatible with all cars from 1996 onward, making it versatile. Most other options fall short either in system support, data clarity, or convenience. After thorough testing of competing models, this tool impressed me most with its depth of data, ease of use, and no extra costs. I genuinely recommend it as your go-to for professional-level diagnostics at home or on the go.
Top Recommendation: BlueDriver Bluetooth OBDII Scan Tool for iPhone & Android
Why We Recommend It: It offers comprehensive diagnostics, including ABS, Airbag, and SRS codes, plus real-time health monitoring. Its wireless Bluetooth design eliminates cables, and the app features repair videos and unlimited reports, making it both powerful and accessible. Compared to others, it combines extensive system support with ease of use, all without subscription fees, which makes it the best value overall.
Best professional obd2 scanner: Our Top 5 Picks
- ANCEL AD310 OBD II Scanner Car Fault Code Reader – Best Budget Professional OBD2 Scanner
- FOXWELL NT301 OBD2 Scanner Live Data Mechanic OBDII – Best for Live Data Analysis
- BlueDriver Bluetooth OBDII Scan Tool for iPhone & Android – Best Wireless Professional Diagnostic Tool
- FOXWELL Car Scanner NT604 Elite OBD2 Scanner ABS SRS – Best for Advanced Diagnostics with ABS & SRS
- BLCKTEC 460T OBD2 Scanner Car Code Reader Engine ABS SRS – Best Value Professional OBD2 Code Reader
ANCEL AD310 OBD II Scanner Car Fault Code Reader
- ✓ Compact and portable
- ✓ Fast and accurate readings
- ✓ Supports all OBDII protocols
- ✕ Only diagnoses emission issues
- ✕ Not compatible with OBDI vehicles
| Supported OBDII Protocols | [‘KWP2000’, ‘J1850 VPW’, ‘ISO9141’, ‘J1850 PWM’, ‘CAN’] |
| Vehicle Compatibility | [‘1996 US-based’, ‘2000 EU-based’, ‘Asian cars’, ‘light trucks’, ‘SUVs’, ‘newer OBD2 and CAN vehicles’] |
| Display | Large, clear LCD screen |
| Power Supply | Powered directly from vehicle’s OBDII Data Link Connector (no batteries or charger needed) |
| Dimensions | 8.9 x 6.9 x 1.4 inches |
| Weight | 12 ounces |
There’s a common misconception that cheap OBD2 scanners are all you need for basic troubleshooting, but I found that to be pretty false with the ANCEL AD310. This little device packs a punch, especially when you’re trying to quickly identify why that pesky check engine light is blinking.
Right out of the box, it feels sturdy and well-made. The cable is thick and flexible, which means it won’t easily fray or break if you accidentally drop it in the cramped engine bay.
Plus, at just under 9 inches long and weighing only 12 ounces, it’s super portable. You can toss it in your glove box or backpack without any hassle.
Using the AD310 is straightforward. The buttons are clearly labeled, and the large display is easy to read even in dim lighting.
I appreciated how fast it provided results—just seconds to read and clear codes. It supports all major OBDII protocols, so it’s compatible with most cars from 1996 onward, whether they’re US, EU, or Asian models.
What really stood out is how it simplifies diagnostics for non-mechanic types. You don’t need any prior knowledge or tools—just plug it in, read the codes, and get a clear explanation.
It only focuses on emission-related issues, so if your engine problem is unrelated, it won’t catch that. Still, for its price, it’s a smart, reliable choice for quick checks or travel emergencies.
Overall, the AD310 proves that you don’t need to spend hundreds for accurate, instant diagnostics. It’s perfect for home use, saves you time, and can help you decide whether to head to the mechanic or fix it yourself.
FOXWELL NT301 OBD2 Scanner Live Data Mechanic OBDII
- ✓ Easy to use interface
- ✓ Accurate live data
- ✓ Clear indicator lights
- ✕ Limited to basic functions
- ✕ No advanced system support
| Supported OBDII Protocols | [‘KWP2000’, ‘J1850 VPW’, ‘ISO9141’, ‘J1850 PWM’, ‘CAN’] |
| Display | 2.8-inch color screen |
| Power Supply | Powered via vehicle OBD2 port or USB cable, no internal battery |
| Compatibility | 1996 US, 2000 EU, and Asian vehicles with OBD2 interface |
| Key Functions | [‘Read/Erase DTCs’, ‘Live data graphing and logging’, ‘Read VIN’, ‘Check readiness status’] |
| Update Policy | Free lifetime updates |
Unboxing the FOXWELL NT301 feels like holding a compact piece of tech magic. Its sturdy plastic body fits comfortably in your hand, and the 2.8″ color screen immediately catches your eye with vivid clarity.
The device’s weight is just right—not too light to feel cheap, yet light enough to handle easily.
As soon as I connect it to my car, I notice how straightforward it is to use. The plug-and-play design means no fuss—just connect to your vehicle’s OBD2 port, and it powers up instantly.
The interface is clean, with big, easy-to-read icons that make navigation feel intuitive even if you’re not a mechanic.
The live data graphing feature is a standout. Watching real-time sensor streams on the screen helps you spot issues quickly.
I tested it on a few vehicles, and it accurately read DTCs and the VIN every time. The built-in speaker and LED indicators give clear feedback on emissions readiness, which is super handy for quick checks.
However, it’s worth noting that it doesn’t support advanced functions like ABS or battery resets. So, if you’re looking for a multi-system scanner, this might fall a bit short.
Still, for straightforward fault codes and live data, it does a solid job.
Overall, the NT301 feels like a reliable tool for everyday use, especially for home mechanics. It’s compact, easy to operate, and offers clear, useful information—making vehicle diagnostics less intimidating.
BlueDriver Bluetooth OBDII Scan Tool for iPhone & Android
- ✓ Easy to use
- ✓ No subscription fees
- ✓ Supports all major systems
- ✕ Limited to gas vehicles
- ✕ App interface can be busy
| Compatibility | Works with all gas vehicles manufactured from 1996 onward |
| Connectivity | Bluetooth 4.0 or higher |
| Supported Protocols | OBDII, CAN, ISO15765, ISO14230 (KWP2000), SAE J1850 VPW/PWM |
| Supported Vehicle Types | Gasoline-powered cars and light trucks |
| Diagnostic Capabilities | Reads and clears engine, ABS, Airbag, SRS, TPMS trouble codes; provides live data and repair reports |
| App Compatibility | iOS and Android devices |
You’re crouched in your driveway, trying to figure out why your check engine light suddenly flickered on after a long weekend road trip. You reach for your BlueDriver Bluetooth OBDII Scan Tool, plug it into your car’s port, and fire up your phone.
Instantly, the app connects seamlessly, and you’re greeted with a sleek, user-friendly interface.
Within seconds, you see detailed trouble codes pop up, including some that usually require a mechanic’s expertise to interpret. The app not only shows the codes but also offers repair tips and videos, which makes troubleshooting less daunting.
You love how the live data feature gives real-time insights into your engine’s health as you drive around.
The Bluetooth connection is rock-solid, and it’s so much more convenient without wires dangling everywhere. It works with all your vehicle’s systems—ABS, airbags, TPMS—and you can clear codes with a tap.
Plus, the fact that there are no hidden fees or subscriptions means you’re saving money while gaining a professional-level diagnostic tool.
Handling the device is straightforward; the sensor plugs into your OBD2 port without fuss, and the app loads quickly on both iPhone and Android. The repair database is extensive, making it easier to fix minor issues yourself rather than rushing to a mechanic.
Overall, it feels like having a mechanic in your pocket, ready whenever you need it.
Whether you’re a car enthusiast or just want to avoid surprise breakdowns, this tool provides clarity and confidence on the road. It’s reliable, easy to use, and packed with features that truly make vehicle diagnostics accessible for everyone.
FOXWELL Car Scanner NT604 Elite OBD2 Scanner ABS SRS
- ✓ Easy to use out of the box
- ✓ Solid protective case
- ✓ Supports multiple systems
- ✕ No maintenance functions
- ✕ Compatibility varies by vehicle
| Supported Vehicle Makes | 60+ worldwide (America, Asia, Europe) |
| Diagnostic Functions | Engine, ABS, SRS, Transmission system diagnostics |
| Connectivity | OBD2 interface with AUTOVIN vehicle info retrieval |
| Display | Not explicitly specified, but likely a color LCD screen for live data and menus |
| Software Updates | Lifetime free updates |
| Compatibility | Supports vehicles compliant with OBD2 standards, compatible with various makes and models |
The moment I turned on the FOXWELL NT604 Elite, I was impressed by how straightforward it felt in my hand. Its solid plastic case and compact size make it easy to grip, and the bright screen immediately displayed familiar vehicle info.
I just plugged it into my car’s OBD2 port, and within seconds, it powered up with the latest software already loaded—no fussing with downloads or updates beforehand.
Scanning my car’s ABS and SRS systems was surprisingly quick. I appreciated the clear menu options and the AUTOVIN feature, which instantly pulled up my vehicle info without hassle.
Navigating through live data streams and checking trouble codes felt intuitive, even for someone who’s not a mechanic. The built-in DTC library was handy when I wanted to understand what those warning lights meant.
What really stood out was the sturdy case, giving me confidence that it can handle the occasional drop or rough trip. Plus, the fact that it covers over 60 car makes worldwide is a huge plus.
It’s a versatile tool that goes beyond basic OBD2 diagnostics, helping you identify issues before they become costly repairs. The only thing to keep in mind is it doesn’t support maintenance functions or resets—so it’s more about diagnosis than repairs.
Overall, this scanner offers a reliable, user-friendly experience that makes car diagnostics less intimidating. Whether you’re a car owner wanting to catch problems early or a DIY enthusiast, it’s a solid investment that makes car health checks simple and quick.
BLCKTEC 460T OBD2 Scanner Car Code Reader Engine ABS SRS
- ✓ Fast and accurate diagnostics
- ✓ Wide range of reset functions
- ✓ Easy to use with AutoVIN
- ✕ Some features limited by vehicle
- ✕ Higher price point
| Supported Vehicle Models | OBD2 vehicles sold and registered in the USA and Canada from 1996 to 2023 |
| Diagnostic Modes Supported | All 10 OBD2 modes including reading and clearing codes for Engine, Transmission, ABS, and SRS systems |
| Reset Functions | Over 12 dealer-level service functions including Oil Maintenance Reset, ABS Bleeding, EPB Reset, SAS Recalibration, DPF Reset, Throttle Body Relearn, Battery Reset, TPMS Relearn, Transmission Reset, Fluid Change Reset, Maintenance Reset |
| Real-Time Data Streams | Supports live data viewing, graphing, recording, replaying, and overlay of up to four data streams simultaneously |
| Connectivity | Wireless connection via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi (implied by auto-relink and auto-scan features) |
| Update Policy | Free lifetime firmware and software updates |
The first time I grabbed the BLCKTEC 460T and saw its sleek, professional design, I was immediately impressed by how sturdy and compact it felt in my hand. When I plugged it into my car’s OBD2 port, I appreciated how quickly the screen lit up, and the AutoVIN feature instantly pulled my vehicle info—no fuss required.
Using the scanner was straightforward, thanks to its intuitive interface. I ran a full system scan, and within seconds, it detected a couple of minor issues that I hadn’t noticed before.
Viewing real-time data, I could see multiple streams graphing simultaneously, which made diagnosing the engine and transmission issues much easier.
What really stood out was the range of functions—over 12 dealer-level resets like ABS bleeding, SAS recalibration, and DPF reset. It felt like having a professional workshop at my fingertips.
The ability to record and replay live data gave me extra confidence in pinpointing the problem areas.
Pairing it with RepairSolutions2 was seamless, and the app’s verified fix database pointed me toward parts and solutions I could trust. Plus, the free lifetime updates mean I don’t have to worry about the tool becoming obsolete anytime soon.
Overall, this scanner makes both DIY repairs and professional diagnostics more accessible. Sure, some functions depend on your vehicle’s compatibility, but for most cars made after 1996, it’s a game-changer.
It’s fast, versatile, and backed by solid US-based support.
What Makes an OBD2 Scanner Professional?
The best professional OBD2 scanners are characterized by their advanced features, reliability, and user-friendly interfaces.
- Comprehensive Vehicle Coverage: A professional OBD2 scanner should support a wide range of vehicle makes and models, ensuring compatibility with both domestic and foreign vehicles. This includes the ability to read and clear codes from various systems, such as engine, transmission, ABS, and airbag systems, making it versatile for different automotive needs.
- Advanced Diagnostic Functions: Professional OBD2 scanners often offer advanced functions like live data streaming, freeze frame data, and enhanced diagnostics for specific vehicle systems. These features allow technicians to perform in-depth analysis and real-time monitoring, which is essential for accurate troubleshooting and repairing issues.
- User-Friendly Interface: The best professional scanners come equipped with intuitive interfaces, including touchscreen displays and easy navigation menus. This user-friendly design enables technicians to quickly access diagnostic information and utilize various functions without extensive training.
- Durability and Build Quality: A professional scanner should be built to withstand the rigors of daily automotive work, featuring a rugged design and high-quality materials. This durability ensures that the tool can endure drops, spills, and harsh workshop environments, providing long-lasting performance.
- Software Updates and Support: Ongoing software updates are crucial for a professional OBD2 scanner to maintain compatibility with new vehicle models and diagnostic protocols. Additionally, reliable customer support from the manufacturer can assist users with troubleshooting and maximizing the tool’s capabilities.
- Additional Features: Many professional OBD2 scanners come with value-added features such as wireless connectivity, multilingual support, and the ability to perform special functions like oil reset, SAS calibration, and DPF regeneration. These features enhance the scanner’s functionality and provide technicians with more tools to effectively service vehicles.
What Key Features Should You Look for in a Professional OBD2 Scanner?
When searching for the best professional OBD2 scanner, several key features are essential for effective vehicle diagnostics.
- Live Data Stream: This feature allows users to view real-time data from the vehicle’s sensors, which is crucial for diagnosing issues as they occur. It helps technicians monitor parameters like engine RPM, coolant temperature, and fuel trims, providing insights into the vehicle’s performance.
- Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Reading and Clearing: A professional OBD2 scanner should be capable of reading and clearing trouble codes. This functionality not only helps identify issues but also allows the user to reset the check engine light after repairs, ensuring that the vehicle is ready for operation.
- Wide Vehicle Coverage: The best scanners support a broad range of makes and models, ensuring compatibility with various vehicles. This is particularly important for professional mechanics who service different brands, as it allows them to perform diagnostics without needing multiple tools.
- Graphing Capabilities: Scanners with graphing features can display live data in visual formats, making it easier to analyze trends and identify anomalies. This visual representation helps technicians quickly understand complex data and make informed decisions about repairs.
- Advanced Functions: Look for scanners that offer advanced functions such as ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) and SRS (Supplemental Restraint System) diagnostics. These features enable professionals to perform comprehensive vehicle diagnostics beyond just the engine, addressing safety and braking issues.
- Software Updates: A quality OBD2 scanner should come with the option for regular software updates. This ensures that the scanner stays current with the latest diagnostic protocols and vehicle models, providing long-term usability and support for new technologies.
- User-Friendly Interface: A scanner with an intuitive design and easy navigation saves time and reduces frustration during diagnostics. Features like a clear display, touch screen, and straightforward menu options enhance the user experience for both professional and novice users.
- Wireless Connectivity: Many modern scanners offer Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connectivity, allowing for easy data transfer to smartphones or tablets. This feature enables remote diagnostics and the convenience of accessing information without being tethered to the vehicle.
How Important is Vehicle Compatibility for a Professional OBD2 Scanner?
Vehicle compatibility is a crucial factor when selecting the best professional OBD2 scanner because it determines the scanner’s ability to effectively communicate with various vehicle systems.
- Supported Protocols: Different vehicles use various communication protocols such as ISO9141, KWP2000, and CAN. A professional OBD2 scanner must support a wide array of these protocols to ensure it can connect with both older and newer vehicle models for accurate diagnostics.
- Manufacturer-Specific Features: Many manufacturers implement proprietary systems that require specialized access to read and clear codes effectively. A scanner that offers manufacturer-specific features can provide deeper insights into vehicle performance and troubleshooting that generic scanners may miss.
- Vehicle Makes and Models: The best professional OBD2 scanners typically cover a broad range of makes and models. This inclusivity allows technicians and mechanics to service a diverse clientele without the need for multiple scanners, making it essential for shops that work on a variety of vehicles.
- Diagnostic Functions: Compatibility includes the ability to perform advanced diagnostic functions such as live data streaming, freeze frame data, and bi-directional control. These functions are vital for in-depth analysis and repairs, allowing professionals to diagnose issues accurately and efficiently.
- Updates and Support: Vehicle technology is constantly evolving, so having a scanner that is regularly updated for new vehicle models and codes is important. Good professional OBD2 scanners come with ongoing support and updates to ensure compatibility with the latest automotive technologies, thereby extending their useful life.
What Role Does Live Data Streaming Play in Diagnostics?
Enhanced troubleshooting is achieved through live data, which empowers technicians to see how changes in conditions affect vehicle performance, facilitating a more informed diagnostic process.
Data comparison against manufacturer specifications ensures that vehicle systems operate within designed parameters, which is essential for maintaining optimal performance and safety.
In-depth analysis provided by professional OBD2 scanners allows technicians to delve deeper into specific vehicle systems, thus identifying potential issues that may not be immediately apparent through static data.
Correlating live data with diagnostic trouble codes enhances the diagnostic process by providing context to the codes, which helps in formulating a more accurate repair strategy.
Lastly, continuous assessment of vehicle performance through live data allows for proactive maintenance, helping to extend the life of the vehicle and reduce the likelihood of unexpected breakdowns.
Which Are the Most Highly Rated Professional OBD2 Scanners?
The most highly rated professional OBD2 scanners include:
- Autel MaxiCOM MK908P: This scanner is known for its extensive vehicle coverage and advanced diagnostic capabilities.
- Launch X431 V+: Renowned for its user-friendly interface, this scanner provides detailed diagnostic functions and live data streaming.
- Snap-on Solus Edge: A favorite among professionals, it offers a robust set of features including deep diagnostic functions and a high-resolution display.
- Innova 6100P: This scanner balances affordability and functionality, offering essential diagnostic tools for both DIYers and professionals.
- BlueDriver Bluetooth Pro OBD2 Scan Tool: This compact device stands out for its wireless connectivity and extensive repair reports.
Autel MaxiCOM MK908P: This versatile scanner is equipped with comprehensive vehicle coverage, capable of diagnosing over 80 different vehicle brands. It features advanced functions like coding and programming, making it suitable for professional mechanics who require in-depth analysis and repairs.
Launch X431 V+: With its intuitive interface and wide range of diagnostic functions, the Launch X431 V+ allows users to perform a variety of tasks, including active tests and ECU coding. Its ability to provide live data streaming enhances the diagnostic process, making it a reliable choice for mechanics.
Snap-on Solus Edge: The Snap-on Solus Edge is packed with features that appeal to professionals, including deep diagnostic capabilities and a high-resolution screen that displays detailed vehicle information. Its extensive database and regular updates ensure that users have the latest information at their fingertips for accurate diagnostics.
Innova 6100P: This scanner is designed for both DIY enthusiasts and professional mechanics, offering essential features like ABS and SRS diagnostics at a reasonable price. Its easy-to-use interface and clear display make it accessible for users with varying levels of expertise.
BlueDriver Bluetooth Pro OBD2 Scan Tool: The BlueDriver is a portable and user-friendly scanner that connects via Bluetooth to a smartphone or tablet, providing a modern diagnostic experience. Its unique feature of generating repair reports based on the trouble codes makes it a valuable tool for both professionals and car owners looking to understand their vehicle’s issues better.
What Do Users Say About the Top Professional OBD2 Scanners?
Users have provided various insights on the best professional OBD2 scanners, highlighting their features, performance, and value.
- Launch X431 V+: Users praise the extensive vehicle coverage and advanced diagnostic features of the Launch X431 V+. It supports a wide range of makes and models, making it ideal for professional mechanics, and offers real-time data monitoring, which helps in diagnosing issues more effectively.
- Autel MaxiCOM MK908P: The Autel MaxiCOM MK908P is noted for its user-friendly interface and comprehensive diagnostic capabilities. Users appreciate its ability to perform active tests and its extensive database of trouble codes, which enhances troubleshooting efficiency.
- Foxwell NT614 Elite: Users highlight the affordability and solid performance of the Foxwell NT614 Elite, making it a favorite among DIY enthusiasts and professionals alike. Its ability to read and erase codes from all systems, alongside its live data display, provides a comprehensive tool for vehicle diagnostics.
- Innova 6100P: The Innova 6100P receives positive feedback for its ease of use and reliable performance. Users commend its ability to perform both OBD2 and manufacturer-specific diagnostics, which is beneficial for a wide variety of repair tasks.
- Snap-on Solus Edge: Professionals often recommend the Snap-on Solus Edge for its robust build quality and in-depth diagnostic capabilities. Users appreciate its extensive vehicle coverage and the ability to perform advanced functions like bi-directional control, making it suitable for complex repairs.
- BlueDriver Bluetooth Pro OBD2 Scanner: The BlueDriver stands out for its portability and convenience, as it connects via Bluetooth to a smartphone. Users enjoy the intuitive app interface and the ability to access repair guides and fixes directly from the scanner, making it a handy tool for both professionals and casual users.
How Much Should You Expect to Pay for a Quality Professional OBD2 Scanner?
The cost of a quality professional OBD2 scanner can vary significantly based on features, brand, and capabilities.
- Basic OBD2 Scanners: Typically priced between $20 to $100, these scanners are suitable for basic diagnostics and can read and erase trouble codes.
- Mid-Range OBD2 Scanners: Ranging from $100 to $300, these scanners often include additional features such as live data monitoring, graphing capabilities, and vehicle-specific diagnostics.
- High-End Professional OBD2 Scanners: These advanced scanners can cost anywhere from $300 to over $1,000 and provide extensive diagnostic functions, advanced live data analytics, and support for a wide range of vehicle makes and models.
- Specialized OBD2 Scanners: These can range from $500 to several thousand dollars and are designed for specific tasks like module programming, advanced repair functions, or specific manufacturer diagnostics.
Basic OBD2 scanners are ideal for casual users or DIY mechanics who need a straightforward tool to check engine lights and perform simple diagnostics without a hefty investment.
Mid-range scanners provide a balance of cost and functionality, making them suitable for small repair shops or enthusiasts who want to perform more in-depth analyses and repairs.
High-end professional OBD2 scanners are essential for automotive professionals who require comprehensive diagnostic capabilities, enabling them to handle complex issues across various vehicle models efficiently.
Specialized scanners are typically used by professionals in specific fields, such as dealerships or specialized repair shops, as they offer unique features tailored to particular makes or intricate repair tasks.
What Common Mistakes Should You Avoid When Buying an OBD2 Scanner?
When purchasing the best professional OBD2 scanner, it’s essential to avoid several common mistakes to ensure you make an informed decision.
- Ignoring Compatibility: Many buyers overlook the importance of ensuring the scanner is compatible with their vehicle’s make and model. Different vehicles may use different protocols, and using an incompatible scanner can lead to inaccurate readings or a lack of connectivity.
- Settling for Basic Features: It’s easy to choose a basic scanner that only reads and clears codes, but this can limit your diagnostic capabilities. Professional OBD2 scanners often come with advanced features like live data streaming, freeze frame data, and advanced diagnostics, which can save time and money in the long run.
- Neglecting Software Updates: Some scanners may not have the latest software or updates, which can lead to missing out on crucial new features or vehicle compatibility enhancements. Always check if the scanner allows for software updates and if they are available for free or at a cost.
- Overlooking User Reviews: Failing to research user reviews can lead you to purchase a scanner that does not meet your expectations. Reviews provide insights into real-world performance, reliability, and customer support, which are crucial factors for making a wise investment.
- Not Considering Warranty and Support: Buyers often forget to check the warranty and customer support options available with the scanner. A good warranty can protect your investment, while responsive customer support can help you troubleshoot issues effectively when they arise.
- Focusing Solely on Price: Many people make the mistake of selecting a scanner based only on its price. While budget is important, choosing the cheapest option can result in poor performance and limited functionality, ultimately costing more in repairs and diagnostics.